Integration Of Umts And B-isdn: Is It Possible Or Desirable? :: essays research papers

Integration Of UMTS And B-ISDN Is It Possible Or Desirable?INTRODUCTIONIn the future, existing stock-still networks will be complemented by mobile networkswith similar numbers of users. These mobile users will have identicalrequirements and expectations to the fixed users, for on-demand applications oftelecommunications requiring high bit-rate channels. It will be needed forthese fixed and mobile networks to interoperate in order to pass data, in realtime and at high speeds, between their users.But how far must this interoperation be taken? How much integration of the fixedand mobile network structures is needed? Here, a fixed network, B-ISDN, and amobile network, UMTS, infra development at the said(prenominal) time, are examined to seehow well and closely they should work together in order to meet expected userneeds. Work already taking browse on this is discussed.BACKGROUNDThe Universal agile Telecommunication System (UMTS), the third generation ofmobile networks, is present ly cosmos specified as part of the European RACEtechnology initiative. The aim of UMTS is to implement terminal mobility andpersonal mobility within its systems, providing a single world mobile standard.Outside Europe, UMTS is now known as International Mobile Telecommunications2000 (IMT2000), which replaces its previous name of Future Public Land MobileTelecommunication System (FPLMTS). BUIT95UMTS is envisaged as providing the infrastructure needed to support a wide rangeof multimedia digital services, or teleservices CHEU94, requiring channel bit-rates of less than the UMTS upper ceiling of 2 Mbits/second, as allocated to itin the World administrative Radio Conference (WARC) 92 bands. UMTS must alsosupport the traditional mobile services presently offered by separate networks,including cordless, cellular, paging, wireless local loop, and satelliteservices. BUIT95 Mobile teleservices requiring higher bit rates, from 2 to 155Mbits/second, are expected to be catered for by Mobile Br oadband Services (MBS),the eventual successor to UMTS, which is still under study. RACED732Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN), conceived as an all-purpose digital network that will supersede Narrowband ISDN (N-ISDN or ISDN), isalso still being specified. B-ISDN, with its transport layer of AsynchronousTransfer Mode (ATM) is expected to be the backbone of future fixed digitalnetworks. MINZ89It is anticipated that, by the year 2005, up to 50% of all communicationterminals will be mobile. CHEU94 The Mobile Green Paper, issued by theEuropean Commission in 1994, predicts 40 million mobile users in the EuropeanUnion by 2000, rising to 80 million by 2010. This gives mobile users animportance ranking alongside fixed-network users. BUIT95One result of this growth in mobile telecommunications will be the increase inteleservice operations that originate in either the fixed or mobile network, but

Politics and the Environment :: Environmental Climate Change

The July 9, 2002 release of the World Wildlife Funds third Living Planet advertise - which asserts that the human race is currently consuming resources at a rate 20% percent greater than the Earths ability to regenerate - coincided unsurprisingly with the synchronous release of deuce counter-dispatches by the Cato Institute. In conjunction with an additional counter-argument published in the Institutes August 26 edition of Policy Analysis, these two dispatches serve as a fairly accurate example of Conservative/Libertarian criticisms of the environmentalist movement or at least as examples prominent ample to merit scrutiny. The August 26 piece, written by Jerry Taylor, draws heavily on evidence presented by Patrick J. Michaels, a professor of meteorology whom William K. Stevens of the New York Times regards as arguably one of the two most persistent and visible scientists skeptical of climate change. The other two dispatches, written by Reason magazines science correspondent Ronald Bailey and the late anti-Malthusian environmentalist critic Julian L. Simon, though both originally published prior to the WWFs Living Planet traverse are still relevant because of the prominence of their critique within policy circles advocating free markets and limited government.The Living Planet report, itself, is divided into two distinct parts. The graduation is the Living Planet Index, which was calculated by measuring population data from 1970 to 1995 for three abstracted categories of wildlife - forest, freshwater, and marine. The data used for the Index was gathered by the coupled Nations Environment Programme and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). The Living Planet Index is primarily an indicator of ecosystem health as a fail of species decline and as such will not be focused on in depth here as it does not pertain outright to the global warming debate.The second part of the report (the WWFs assessment of humanitys Ecological Footprint) hopes to m easure the amount of the Earths biologically amentaceous land that the global population, a nation, and an average member of that nation inhabits in one year. The footprint is measured in Global Hectares a measuring rod defined by the WWF as one hectare of biologically productive space with world average productivity. There are currently 11.4 billion hectares of biologically productive land total - one quarter of the planets surface. Of these 11.4 billion hectares 2.0 bil is ocean, 1.5 bil is cropland, 3.5 bil is grazing land, 3.8 bil is forest cover, .3 bil inland water, and .

The Use of Symbolism in Robert Frosts Wind and Window Flower Essay

The Use of Symbolism in Robert Frosts Wind and Window Flower I interpreted this poem as a very sad one. A love unrequited by the pursued. In the first two lines the poem tells you to forget about the love you share and catch out a tale of this. Not to liter bothy forget, but possibly put aside. The man is a winter breeze, cold and rough and sort of roams the land. The woman is a window flower, shut off from the outside. This sets up the separation. They can see each other and are kept apart by a glass wall. She has all the comforts of the outside, the warmth of the sun and even the company of a caged yellow bird (7) hanging preceding(prenominal) her. It is almost that the mention of this bird being caged above her is a symbol of this womans status in the home and possibly provided by the wealth of her parents. Although she is shut off from the outside, there is this bird almost captured for her to dissuade her from having thoughts of her material closed lifestyle. She is being furnished with creature comforts instead of with freedom. Maybe because those above her feel she cannot ha...

The Yellow Wall-Paper -- Literary Analysis, Gilman

In the The chickenhearted Wall-paper, the author, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, writes about a struggling mentally ill charr, named Jane, trying to work finished her individuality and her own depression. This story is centered around her bedroom, her mental state, and the yellow(a) wall-paper on the walls in her room. The reader can easily feel the pain, anguish, despair, and struggles of a adult fe potent going through a depressive state. Gilman writes about the individual succession of the char fair sexs mental state through the disarray of the patterned yellow wall-paper. The etymon of feminism is exposed by the main characters use of language, her feelings of inferiority, mental struggles, and anger.The language of the narrator in this story is repressive to women, from the beginning and all the way to the block off of the story. In the beginning of the story, the language of the narrator appears in a some ways. The ill woman is forbidden by her husband to write in her jo urnal until she is well, to compensate for the loss of work. She feels constricted by her husband to speak freely and writes in a hidden journal. Gilman writes I would not say it to a quick soul, of course, but this is dead paper and a great relief to my intellectual (808). Sad and true, but she doesnt feel that she can tell her husband how she real feels and the only safe language is dead language (Theichler 61). The language of male judgment and control is predominant in the beginning of the story too. Her husband and pal both are physicians, diagnose her with a nervous condition, and both mean she will be fine with medicine and rest. The men in her life swear she should not work, and they emphasize that she take phosphates or phosphites--whichever it is--and tonics, and journeys,... ...the wall-paper torn from the wall, and he finds the woman creeping about the room, and faints. The narrator declares, Ive got out at last, said I, in spite of you and Jane And Ive pulled of f most of the paper, so you cant put me back (Gilman 819). The narrator finally wins the battle of escaping her imprisonment of John the positive husband. Jane is finally free of her depression and of her husbands dominance. It temporarily appeal her, her sanity to the point where images were being projected from the yellow wall-paper. The paper was a theatrical role of Janes neurosis, but also crept into the entire household. In order to bring off with the madness Jane found her inner self is an image of a creeping woman trying to escape the patterned wall-paper. In order to escape her suppression, Jane immersed herself hike up into her insanity to become sane once again. The Yellow Wall-Paper -- Literary Analysis, GilmanIn the The Yellow Wall-paper, the author, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, writes about a struggling mentally ill woman, named Jane, trying to work through her individuality and her own depression. This story is centered around her bedroom, her menta l state, and the yellow wall-paper on the walls in her room. The reader can easily feel the pain, anguish, despair, and struggles of a woman going through a depressive state. Gilman writes about the individual succession of the womans mental state through the disarray of the patterned yellow wall-paper. The theme of feminism is exposed by the main characters use of language, her feelings of inferiority, mental struggles, and anger.The language of the narrator in this story is repressive to women, from the beginning and all the way to the end of the story. In the beginning of the story, the language of the narrator appears in a few ways. The ill woman is forbidden by her husband to write in her journal until she is well, to compensate for the loss of work. She feels constricted by her husband to speak freely and writes in a hidden journal. Gilman writes I would not say it to a living soul, of course, but this is dead paper and a great relief to my mind (808). Sad and true, but she doesnt feel that she can tell her husband how she really feels and the only safe language is dead language (Theichler 61). The language of male judgment and control is predominant in the beginning of the story too. Her husband and brother both are physicians, diagnose her with a nervous condition, and both believe she will be fine with medicine and rest. The men in her life believe she should not work, and they emphasize that she take phosphates or phosphites--whichever it is--and tonics, and journeys,... ...the wall-paper torn from the wall, and he finds the woman creeping about the room, and faints. The narrator declares, Ive got out at last, said I, in spite of you and Jane And Ive pulled off most of the paper, so you cant put me back (Gilman 819). The narrator finally wins the battle of escaping her imprisonment of John the controlling husband. Jane is finally free of her depression and of her husbands dominance. It temporarily cost her, her sanity to the point where images we re being projected from the yellow wall-paper. The paper was a part of Janes neurosis, but also crept into the entire household. In order to cope with the madness Jane found her inner self is an image of a creeping woman trying to escape the patterned wall-paper. In order to escape her suppression, Jane immersed herself further into her insanity to become sane once again.

Gender Codes in SELF Magazine Essay -- Sex Gender American Culture

An Ideal SELF Woman?Americans live in culture plenteous of numerous sexual activity codes. sex codes are imaginary rules of how males and females should live and are created within America by the media such as TV shows, movies, billboards, magazines, and advertisements. In sexual practice Codes in the American Culture, Jack Solomon and Sonia Maasik believe that Gender codes are socially, not naturally, constructed, and usually reflect cultural values rather than natural facts (476). This supports that the media creates gender codes because it is the main method in which cultural values are presented. They present what is accepted to be masculine and feminine in America at the time, and indian lodge follows these generalizations of what it means to be a man and a woman, thus creating gender codes.A life-timestyle magazine is an example of a one type of media that creates gender codes. It is easy for lifestyle magazines create gender roles because they idealize a certain type of man or woman because they address the aspects of everyday life in their articles, advertisements, and features. They show their readers how the ideal man or woman lives their life. SELF is one lifestyle magazine that does just that. SELF is a lifestyle magazine for women between the ages of 20 to 50 years of age and it focuses on giving their readers information and pointers of how to live a supposedly well-rounded life. SELF creates the feminine ideal that a woman be competent in every aspect of her life.According to SELF, being competent in every aspects of a woman s life includes being health conscious, eating right, having scheduled weekly workouts whether at home or in the gym, keeping yourself well groomed, dressing fashionably, being independent, having healthy r... ...er life, and if she isnt, whence she should be working to fix that in order to achieve this ideal status. This ideal woman creates a gender code for SELF readers.Works CitedBlum, Deborah. The Gender Blur Wh ere Does Biology End and Society Take Over? Signs Of Life in the USA Readings on Popular Culture for Writers. quaternary edition. Ed. Sonia Maasik, and Jack Solomon. capital of Massachusetts Bedford/ St. Martins, 2003.495- 501.Maasik, Sonia, and Jack Solomon. Weve Come a Long Way, Maybe Gender Codes in American Culture. Signs Of Life in the USA Readings on Popular Culture for Writers. 4th edition. Ed. Sonia Maasik, and Jack Solomon. Boston Bedford/ St. Martins, 2003.475-483.Wolf, Naomi. The Beauty Myth. Signs Of Life in the USA Readings on Popular Culture for Writers. 4th edition. Ed. Sonia Maasik, and Jack Solomon. Boston Bedford/ St. Martins, 2003.515-524.

Gender Codes in SELF Magazine Essay -- Sex Gender American Culture

An Ideal SELF Woman?Americans live in culture full of numerous gender codes. Gender codes are imaginary rules of how males and females should live and are created within America by the media such as TV shows, movies, billboards, magazines, and advertisements. In Gender Codes in the American Culture, Jack Solomon and Sonia Maasik swear that Gender codes are socially, not naturally, constructed, and usually reflect cultural determine rather than natural facts (476). This supports that the media creates gender codes because it is the main method in which cultural values are presented. They present what is accepted to be masculine and feminine in America at the time, and society follows these generalizations of what it means to be a man and a char, thus creating gender codes.A lifestyle magazine is an example of a one type of media that creates gender codes. It is easy for lifestyle magazines create gender roles because they idealize a certain type of man or woman because they addre ss the aspects of anyday life in their articles, advertisements, and features. They show their readers how the ideal man or woman lives their life. SELF is one lifestyle magazine that does just that. SELF is a lifestyle magazine for women between the ages of 20 to 50 years of age and it focuses on giving their readers information and pointers of how to live a supposedly well-rounded life. SELF creates the feminine ideal that a woman be competent in every aspect of her life.According to SELF, being competent in every aspects of a woman s life includes being health conscious, eating right, having scheduled hebdomadary workouts whether at home or in the gym, keeping yourself well groomed, dressing fashionably, being independent, having healthy r... ...er life, and if she isnt, then she should be working to fix that in identify to achieve this ideal status. This ideal woman creates a gender code for SELF readers.Works CitedBlum, Deborah. The Gender Blur Where Does Biology End and So ciety target Over? Signs Of Life in the USA Readings on Popular Culture for Writers. 4th edition. Ed. Sonia Maasik, and Jack Solomon. Boston Bedford/ St. Martins, 2003.495- 501.Maasik, Sonia, and Jack Solomon. Weve Come a Long Way, peradventure Gender Codes in American Culture. Signs Of Life in the USA Readings on Popular Culture for Writers. 4th edition. Ed. Sonia Maasik, and Jack Solomon. Boston Bedford/ St. Martins, 2003.475-483.Wolf, Naomi. The Beauty Myth. Signs Of Life in the USA Readings on Popular Culture for Writers. 4th edition. Ed. Sonia Maasik, and Jack Solomon. Boston Bedford/ St. Martins, 2003.515-524.

Automobile Industry Essay

* Detailed analysis of gondolamobile perseverance which is gearing towards planetary standards. * Analysis of the impact of qualitative factors on industriousnesss and companys prospects. * Comparison of the Global ride automobile scene with its Indian precludepart. * Study of the challenges facing the Indian railroad carmobile Industry * Analysis of the implementable strategies to counter the effects of the discussed challenges. PREFACE The self-propelled fabrication in India is one of the largest in the world and one of the blistering growing orbiculately.The Indian Automobile Industry embarked on a new journey since 1991 with delicensing of the field and subsequent opening up for 100 per cent FDI through automatic r out(a)e. Al some all the global study thrust set up their facilities in India taking the future(a) direct of mathematical product of fomites from 2 trillion in 1991 to 110+ million in 2011. The Auto Sector in India is set to continue in its growth tr ajectory for the next five years and India is an change magnitudely favourite destination for Global study looking at emerging market.This in turn, has fuelled a boom in the domestic auto market, with close to 10mn fomites sold in India in 2009-10 The self-propelling pains is increasingly becoming the cynosure of the manufacturing sector across the globe. Due to its intense forward and backsideward linkages with several gravestone incisions of the thriftiness, the self-propelled industriousness has a strong multiplier effect and acts as one ofthe key drivers of growth across the globe. The attention and importance to the automotive industriousness in the economic development and planning policies of ad miniskirtstration and its agencies has as well as witnessed significant up rise.The assiduity has been evolving over the years, meeting up with challenges as diverse as transitions, consolidations and restructuring, and thereby adapting to the new market conditions. As of 2011, India is kinfolk to 40 million passenger vehicles. More than 3. 7 million automotive vehicles were produced in India in 2011 (an increase of 33. 9%), making the country the second fastest growing automobile market in the world. gibe to the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers, annual vehicle sales are projected to increase to 5 million by 2015 and much than 9 million by 2020.By 2050, the country is expected to top the world in railroad railway car volumes with approximately 611 million vehicles on the nations roads. OVERVIEW The Indian Automobile Industry manufactures over 11 million vehicles and exports or so 1. 5 million each year. The dominant products of the industry are two-wheelers with a market share of over 75% and passenger cars with a market share of about 16%. Commercial vehicles and three-wheelers share about 9% of the market between them. About 91% of the vehicles sold are used by households and only about 9% for commercial purposes.The industry has a turnover of to a greater extent than USD $35 meg and get outs direct and indirect utilisation to over 13 million people. The depict mountain chain is similar to the supply chain of the automotive industry in Europe and America. Interestingly, the level of trade exports in this sector in India has been medium and imports commit been low. However, this is rapidly changing and both exports and imports are increasing. The beseech determinants of the industry are factors equal affordability, product innovation, infrastructure and price of fuel. Also, the basis of competition in the sector is full(prenominal) gear and increasing, and its life cycle defend is growth.With a rapidly growing middle class, all the advantages of this sector in India are yet to be leveraged. With a high cost of developing production facilities, limited accessibility to new engineering, and increasing competition, the barriers to enter the Indian self-propelled sector are high. On the other hand, Ind ia has a well-developed tax structure. The power to impose taxes and duties is distributed among the three stages of governing. The cost structure of the industry is fairly handed-down, but the profitability of motor vehicle manufacturers has been rising over the past(a) five years.Major frolicers, want Tata motors and Maruti Suzuki shoot corporeal cost of about 80% but are recording profits after tax of about 6% to 11%. The level of technology change in the motor vehicle Industry has been high but, the rate of change in technology has been medium. Investment in the technology by the producers has been high. System-suppliers of integrated genes and sub-systems take a shit become the order of the day. However, further investment in new technologies will help the industry be much competitive. Over the past few years, the industry has been volatile.Currently, Indias increasing per capita disposable income which is expected to rise by 106% by 2015 and growth in exports is playing a major place in the rise and fighting of the industry. Tata Motors is leading the commercial vehicle segment with a market share of about 64%. Maruti Suzuki is leading the passenger vehicle segment with a market share of 46%. Hyundai Motor India Limited and Mahindra and Mahindra are focusing expanding their footprint in the over seas market. Hero MotoCorp is occupying over 41% and sharing 26% of the two-wheeler market in India with Bajaj Auto.Bajaj Auto in itself is occupying about 58% of the three-wheeler market. Consumers are precise important of the survival of the Motor Vehicle manufacturing industry. In 2008-09, customer sentiment dropped, which burned on the augmentation in demand of cars. Steel is the major input used by manufacturers and the rise in price of vane is putting a cost pressure on manufacturers and cost is getting transferred to the end consumer. The price of oil and petrol affect the driving habits of consumers and the type of car they buy.The key t o success in the industry is to improve labor productivity, labor flexibility, and capital efficiency. Having quality manpower, infrastructure improvements, and raw material availability also play a major role. Access to latest and most efficient technology and techniques will bring competitive advantage to the major players. Utilizing manufacturing plants to optimum level and discernment implications from the politics policies are the essentials in the Automotive Industry of India. Both, Industry and Indian government activity are obligated to intervene the Indian Automotive industry.The Indian political sympathies should facilitate infrastructure creation, create favorable and predictable calling environment, attract investment and promote research and development. The role of Industry will primarily be in designing and manufacturing products of world-class quality establishing cost competitiveness and amend productivity in labor and in capital. With a combined effort, the I ndian Automotive industry will emerge as the destination of choice in the world for design and manufacturing of automobiles. The Indian market furnishs endless possibilities for investors. HISTORY The first car which ran on Indian roads was in 1897.Until the 1930s, cars were imported directly, but in very itsy-bitsy numbers. Embryonic automotive industry emerged in India in the 1940s. Mahindra & Mahindra was realized by two brothers as a trading company in 1945, and began assembly of Jeep CJ-3A utility vehicles under license from Willys. The company soon branch out into the manufacture of light commercial vehicles (LCVs) and agricultural tractors. Following the independence, in 1947, the Government of India and the private sector launched efforts to create an automotive component manufacturing industry to supply to the automobile industry.However, the growth was relatively slow in the 1950s and 1960s due to nationalization and the license raj which hampered the Indian private se ctor. After 1970, the automotive industry started to grow, but the growth was mainly driven by tractors, commercial vehicles and scooters. Cars were still a major luxury. Japanese manufacturers entered the Indian market ultimately leading to the origination of Maruti Udyog. A number of foreign firms initiated joint ventures with Indian companies. In the 1980s, a number of Japanese manufacturers launched joint-ventures for building motorcycles and light commercial-vehicles.It was at this time that the Indian government chose Suzuki for its joint-venture to manufacture small cars. Following the economic liberalization in 1991 and the gradual weakening of the license raj, a number of Indian and multi-national car companies launched operations. Since then, automotive component and automobile manufacturing growth has accelerated to meet domestic and export demands. Following economic liberalization in India in 1991, the Indian automotive industry has demo sustained growth as a result o f increased competitiveness and relaxed restrictions.Several Indian automobile manufacturers such as Tata Motors, Maruti Suzuki and Mahindra and Mahindra, expanded their domestic and international operations. Indias robust economic growth led to the further expansion of its domestic automobile market which has attracted significant India-specific investment by multinational automobile manufacturers. In February 2009, a monthly sale of passenger cars in India exceeded 100,000 units and has since grown rapidly to a record monthly high of 182,992 units in October 2009. From 2003 to 2010, car sales in India have progressed at a CAGR of 13.7%, and with only 10% of Indian households owning a car in 2009 (whereas this figure reaches 80% in Switzerland for example) this feeler is unlikely to stop in the coming decade. Congestion of Indian roads, more than market demand, will likely be the limiting factor. SIAM is the apex industry tree trunk representing all the vehicle manufacturers, hom e-grown and international, in India. INDUSTRY OVERVIEW This class consists of units mainly engaged in manufacturing motor vehicles or motor vehicle engines. Products and Services The primary activities of this industry are * Motor cars manufacturing.* Motor vehicle engine manufacturing The major products and services in this industry are * Passenger motor vehicle manufacturing segment (Passenger Cars, profit Vehicles &Multi Purpose Vehicles) * Commercial Vehicles (Medium & Heavy and Light Commercial Vehicles) * Two-Wheelers * Three-Wheelers Key Auto Segments Growth Expected to moderate over the next 12 months Financial family 2012 was a landmark year both in a positive and disconfirming manner. It paved way for many breakthrough launches saw the launch of segment defining Fluidic Verna, excellent value for money XUV 500, Hyundais entry level offering Eon and many more.It also displayed its sudden love for MPV/MUVs in the Auto Expo Marutis Ertiga, Chevrolets Enjoy and Nissans Evalia were the most sought after showcase at the expo. We were now exposed to the hard truth as well that how labour intensive the auto industry is. A labor strike can strike at Maruti shook the entire Auto Industry. The airstream took its toll on the overall numbers. This was further catalyzed by inflation, consistent fuel hikes and rising auto interest rates. The worlds fastest growing automobile market was now under analysts scanner for its sheer volatility.Demand for cars fell for the first time in three years last July and slumped by the most in over a decade in October. SIAM which had projected a growth of over 20% had to instantly lower its projections. The Industrys lacklustre performance reflected in the overall performance of the country. In a recent report, S&P cut its outlook on Indias BBB- rating to negative from stable. This is surely not a good news for the Indian Industry in overall. The low-end hatchbacks were the ones to take the beating in FY12.For perhaps the first time in many years, small cars reported a decline in growth in 2011-12 (FY12), largely on account of Maruti Altos decline. Now, SIAM has forecast 10-12 pct growth in overall passenger cars for this fiscal, but this number may be lower if small car growth is again hindered. SIAM data showed that the mini car segment which comprises Maruti 800, Alto, A-Star, and WagonR, the Chevy Spark and Hyundais Santro and Eon declined by about 7 percent to 6,42,009 units (6,90,812 units) last fiscal. Sales of the Alto, the single largest selling car in India, had fallen by about 11 percent between April and February 2012.Also, for the first-time ever, bigger diesel cars the SUVs are selling more and there is no slowness in dieselization. Indias largest automaker, Maruti Suzuki, expects car sales to increase by 10 per cent in the fiscal year beginning in April led by diesel models. Diesel car sales are expected to rise by 150,000 in 2012-13 while sale of petrol cars fall by 50,000, state the company. OVERALL HIGHLIGHTS * Car sales in India bloom just 2. 2 percent in FY2012 * Sales of motorcycles rose 12 percent in the previous fiscal year to 10. 1 million vehicles (10,096,062 units). * Scooter sales shot up 24.5 per cent, to 2,562,841 units. * Total two-wheeler sales were 13,435,769 units in 2011-12 against 11,768,910 units in 2010- 11, up 14. 2 per cent. * Commercial vehicles, Siam verbalise total sales in FY12 were 809,532 units, up 18. 2 per cent. * Three-wheeler segment that saw a decline of 2. 4 per cent at 513,251 vehicles in FY12. PROJECTIONS FOR FY2013 * SIAM has projected passenger car sales growth at 10-12 per cent in 2012-13. * Sales of trucks and buses, a key indicator of economic activity, rose 18. 2 percent in 2011/12 and are seen growing 9 to 11 per cent in this fiscal year.* SIAM has pegged the motorcycle segment to grow 10-12 per cent in FY13 and scooters by 15-17 percent. Two wheeler segment is expected to have a growth of around 14-15%. * C ommercial Vehicles is projected to grow by nine to 11 per cent in FY13. * SIAM has also projected five to seven per cent growth for Three Wheelers. Domestic car sales expecting growth to moderate next year SUPPLY CHAIN OF AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY The supply chain of automotive industry in India is very similar to the supply chain of the automotive industry in Europe and America.The orders of the industry arise from the bottom of the supply chain.ie. From the consumers and goes through the automakers and climbs up until the third tier suppliers. However, the products, as channeled in every traditional automotive industry, go down from the top of the supply chain to reach the consumers. Automakers in India are the key to the supply chain and are responsible for the products and innovation in the industry. The description and the role of each of the contributors to the supply chain are discussed below. * Third Tier Suppliers These companies provide basic products like rubber, glass, stee l, plastic and aluminum to the second tier suppliers.* Second Tier Suppliers These companies design vehicle systems or bodies for First Tier Suppliers and OEMs. They work on designs provided by the first tier suppliers or OEMs. They also provide engineering resources for detailed designs. Some of their services may include welding, fabrication, shearing, bending etc. * First Tier Suppliers These companies provide major systems directly to assemblers. These companies have global coverage to follow their customers to various locations around the world. They design and innovate to provide black-box solutions for the requirements of their customers.Black-box solutions are solutions created by suppliers using their own technology to meet the performance and port requirements set by assemblers. First tier suppliers are responsible not only for the assembly of parts into complete units like dashboard, brakes-axle-suspension, seats, or cockpit but also for the solicitude of second-tier sup pliers. * Automakers/Vehicle Manufacturers/Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) After researching consumers wants and necessarily, automakers begin designing models which are tailored to consumers demands. The design process normally takes five years.These companies have manufacturing units where engines are make and parts supplied by first tier suppliers and second tier suppliers are assembled. Automakers are the key to the supply chain of the automotive industry. Examples of these companies are Tata Motors, Maruti Suzuki, Toyota, and Honda. macrocosm, design skill and branding are the main focus of these companies. * Dealers Once the vehicles are ready they are shipped to the regional branch and from there, to the authorized dealers of the companies. The dealers then sell the vehicles to the end customers.* split and Accessory These companies provide products like tires, windshields, and air bags etc. to automakers and dealers or directly to customers. * Service Providers Some of the services to the customers include servicing of vehicles, repairing parts, or financing of vehicles. some dealers provide these services but, customers can also choose to go to independent service providers. EXPORTS Indias automobile exports have grown consistently and reached $4. 5 billion in 2009, with United Kingdom being Indias largest export market followed by Italy, Germany, Netherlands and South Africa.Indias automobile exports are expected to cross $12 billion by 2014. According to New York Times, Indias strong engineering base and expertise in the manufacturing of low-cost, fuel-efficient cars has resulted in the expansion of manufacturing facilities of several automobile companies like Hyundai Motors, Nissan, Toyota, Volkswagen and Suzuki. In recent years, India has emerged as a leading center for the manufacture of small cars. Hyundai, the biggest exporter from the country, now ships more than 250,000 cars annually from India.Apart from shipments to its parent Suzuki, Maruti Suzuki also manufactures small cars for Nissan, which sells them in Europe. Nissan will also export small cars from its new Indian assembly line. Tata Motors exports its passenger vehicles to Asian and African markets, and is in preparation to launch galvanic vehicles in Europe. The firm is also planning to launch an electric version of its low-cost car Nano in Europe and the U. S. Mahindra & Mahindra is preparing to introduce its pickup trucks and small SUV models in the U. S. market.Bajaj Auto is designing a low-cost car for the Renault Nissan Automotive India, which will market the product worldwide. Renault Nissan may also join domestic commercial vehicle manufacturer Ashok Leyland in another small car project. While the possibilities are impressive, there are challenges that could thwart future growth of the Indian automobile industry. Since the demand for automobiles in recent years is directly linked to overall economic expansion and rising personal incomes, industry growth will slow if the economy weakens. Passenger car exports from India increased 34.16% in may, riding on the back of robust overseas sales by Hyundai Motor, Nissan Motor and Toyota Kirloskar in non-European countries. According to figures released by Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM), India exported 45,036 cars in the last month compared to 33,570 units in the year-ago period. Europe still continues to be a worry, but the growth that we have seen is mainly on account of new markets that the companies have developed, SIAM Director General Vishnu Mathur said. In whitethorn, the countrys largest exported Hyundai Motor India Ltd (HMIL) witnessed a growth of 42.16% at 23,659 units against 16,643 units in the same month last year. On account of slackness in the domestic market in May, we took the opportunity to ramp up the back orders for the export market. We had higher sales of the Eon in Algeria, the i20 in South Africa and the i10 in South America, partic ularly in Mexico and Columbia, a spokesperson of HMIL said. However, rival and domestic market leader Maruti Suzuki Indias overseas passenger car sales fell by 9. 42% to 9,363 units from 10,337 units in May 2011, SIAM said.Car maker Nissan Motor India saw its exports from the country going up by over two-fold to 8,157 units last month from 3,937 units in the corresponding month last year. Toyota Kirloskar Motor, which started exports from April this year, sold 1,693 units in May in South Africa, SIAM said. Ford Indias sales in overseas locations, however, dipped 15. 81% to 1,693 units from 2,011 units in May 2011. Homegrown auto major Tata Motors exports rose by 32. 38% to 372 units from 281 units in the year-ago period. Exports of all categories of vehicles from India during May 2012 increased by 4.62% to 2,46,314 units from 2,35,429 units in the same month last year, SIAM said . The two-wheeler segment witnessed exports of 1,74,362 units in last month compared to 1,61,346 units in the year-ago month, up 8. 07%, it added. The motorcycle segments overseas sales went up by 5. 16% to 1,63,446 units from 1,55,419 units in May 2011. SIAM said exports of scooters from India increased by 87. 18% last month to 10,660 units from 5,695 units in the same month last year. However, exports of commercial vehicles decreased by 8. 72% to 7,861 units in May 2012 from 8,612 units in the corresponding month last year, it added.MARKET CHARACTERISTICS * MARKET SIZE The Indian Automotive Industry after de-licensing in July 1991 has grown at a spectacular rate on an average of 17% for last few years. The industry has attained a turnover of USD $35. 8 billion, (INR 165,000 crores) and an investment of USD 10. 9 billion. The industry has provided direct and indirect employment to 13. 1 million people. Automobile industry is flowingly contributing about 5% of the total GDP of India. Indias current GDP is about $1. 4 trillion and is expected to grow to $3. 75 trillion by 2020.The proj ected size in 2016 of the Indian automotive industry varies between $122 billion and $159 billion including USD 35 billion in exports. This translates into a character of 10% to 11% towards Indias GDP by 2016, which is more than take over the current contribution. * DEMAND DETERMINANTS Interest rate (%) cuts unlikely to spur demand Determinants of demand for this industry include vehicle prices (which are determined largely by wage, material and equipment costs) and exchange rates, preferences, the running cost of a vehicle (mainly determined by the price of petrol), income, interest rates, scrapping rates, and product innovation.Exchange Rate Movement in the value of Rupee determines the attractiveness of Indian products overseas and the price of import for domestic consumption. Affordability Movement in income determine the affordability of new motor vehicles. Allowing unrestricted outside(prenominal) Direct Investment (FDI) led to increase in competition in the domestic marke t hence, making better vehicles available at affordable prices. Innovation Product Innovation is an important determinant as it allows better models to be available each year and also encourages manufacturing of environmental friendly cars.Demographics It is evident that high nation of India has been one of the major reasons for large size of automobile industry in India. Factors that may be augment demand include rising population and an increasing proportion of young persons in the population that will be more inclined to use and replace cars. Also, increase in people with lesser dependency on traditional single family income structure is likely to add value to vehicle demand. Infrastructure Longer-term determinants of demand include development in Indians infrastructure.Indias banking giant State Bank of India and Australias Macquarie Group has launched an infrastructure fund to rise up to USD 3 billion for infrastructure improvements. India needs about $500 billion to repair it s infrastructure such as ports, roads, and power units. These investments have been made with an aim to generate long-term cash flow from automobile, power, and telecom industries. (Source Silicon India) Price of Petrol Movement in oil prices also have an impact on demand for large cars in India.During periods of high fuel cost as experienced from 2007, demand for large cars declined in favors of smaller, more fuel-efficient vehicles. The changing patterns in customer preferences for smaller, more fuel-efficient vehicles led to the launch of Tata Motors Nano one of the worlds smallest and cheapest cars. Surprisingly, when overall passenger car sales have run into problems, the sales of luxury cars and SUVs, which are significantly more expensive in India than abroad due to high import taxes, have experienced encouraging growth.The Indian unit of BMW had to raise capacity at its milling machinery four times during 2011, while sales of the high-end Jaguar Land Rover model owned by T ata Motors rose impressively during a period when more affordable passenger car sales were experiencing a downturn. * INTERNATIONAL MARKETS ANALYSIS The Indian automotive industry embarked a new journey in 1991 with de-licensing of the sector and subsequent opening up for 100% foreign direct investment (FDI). Since then almost all global majors have set up their facilities in Indian taking the level of production from 2 million in 1991 to over 10 million in recent years.The exports in automotive sector have grown on an average compound annual growth rate of 30% per year for the last seven years. The export dinero from this sector are over USD 6 billion. Even with this rapid growth, the Indian automotive industrys contribution in global terms is very low. This is evident from the fact that even though passenger and commercial vehicles have crossed the production figures of 2. 3 million in the year 2008, yet Indias share is about 3. 28% of world production of 70.53 million passenger and commercial vehicles. Indias automotive exports constitute only about 0. 3% of global automotive trade. * LIFE CYCLE The life cycle stage is growth. The market for manufacturing motor vehicles is consistently increasing. The products manufactured by this industry are profitable. Companies have been consistently opening new plats and employing over the past five years. Japanese and European manufacturers of motor vehicles have entered the market. Industry value added has been rising, along with the rise in GDP.Life Cycle Analysis General improvement in availability of trained manpower and good infrastructure is indispensable for sustainable growth of the industry. guardianship this in view, the Indian Government has launched a unique initiative of National Automotive Testing and R&D Infrastructure Project (NATRIP) to provide specialized facilities for Testing, credentials and Homologation to the industry. A similar initiative is required for creating specialised institutions i n automotive sector for education, training and development.The auto industry has grown in the clusters of interconnected companies which are linked by commonalities and complementarities. The major clusters are in and around Manesar in North, Pune in West, Chennai in South, Jamshedpur-Kolkata in East and Indore in Central India. The Government is planning to create a National Level Specialises Education and schooling Institute for Automotive Sector and to enhance the transportation, communication and export infrastructure facilities.The contribution of automotive sector in the GDP of India is expected to double by 2016 through major spotlight on export of small cars, Multi-Utility Vehicles, Two- and Three-wheelers. * INDUSTRY assistant The automobile industry has a defined its target in the Automotive Mission Plan as To emerge as the destination of choice in the world for design and manufacture of automobiles with output reaching a level of USD 145 billion accounting more than 10 % of GDP and providing additional employment to 25 million people by 2016. In order to achieve this plan interventions are required from both Industry and Indian Government.The Indian Government would play a key enabling role in facilitating infrastructure creation, promote the countrys capabilities, create a favorable and predictable business environment, attract investment and promote research & development. The role of Industry will primarily be in designing and manufacturing products of world-class quality standards, establishing cost competitiveness, improving productivity of both labor and capital, achieving scale and R&D enhancing capability and showcasing Indias products in potential markets.In order to achieve these goals the following key recommendations have been made in the Automotive Mission Plan to the Indian Government and Industry Manufacturing and export of small cars, multi-utility vehicles, two- and three-wheelers, tractors, components to be promoted. Care to be i nterpreted of negative like and rules of the country with current negotiation of Free Trade Agreement and Regional Trade agreement with countries like Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, China, Korea, Egypt, Gulf etc. hypnotic Tariff Policy which may follow attractive investment. Specific measures will be taken for expansion of domestic market.Incremental investment of USD 35 to 40 billion to Automotive Industry during the next 10 years. National Road Safety Board to act as the coordinating body for promoting safety. Inspection and Certification system to be strengthened by encouraging public-private partnership. National level Automotive Institute for training on automobile at International Training Institutes (ITIs) and Automotive Training Institute (ATIs) to be set up. An Auto Design Centre to be established at National Institute of Design, Ahmadabad. National Automotive Testing and R&D Implementation Project (NATRIP) to act as Centre of Excellence for Technical Design Data.Integrati on of Information Technology in manufacturing to be promoted. R&D for product, process and technology to be incentivized. Road Map for Auto Fuel Policy beyond 2010 would be drawn. The profitability of motor vehicle manufacturers has been rising over the past five years, mainly due to rising demand and growth of Indian middle class. Major players of the industry, like Maruti Suzuki India and Tata Motors have been recording profits of 6% to 11% from the past five years. Whereas, earlier profit margins in the industry were only 1. 5% to 3%.Cost of material has bring down from over 85% in the year 2001-2002 to under 80% in the year2008-2009. Wages and salary as a percentage of revenue has been declining and with the increasing labor productivity this is expected to decline further in the coming years. * CAPITAL AND LABOR INTENSITY The level of Capital Intensity is high. The level of labor intensity is medium. The motor vehicle manufacturing industry requires significant level of capita l investment. Value is added through the automated manufacturing and assembly of costly components. Labor input is required in the manufacturing, assembly, and finishing processes.In order to achieve and retain competitiveness, vehicle manufacturing industry depends on its capacity and speed to innovate and upgrade. The most imperative indices for competitiveness in the industry are productivity in both labor and capital. * TECHNOLOGY AND SYSTEMS The level of technology change is high. The rate of change in technology is medium. Investment in technology by producers has been on the rise. The automobile industry in India has seen an enormous development in the engines which are being used. Carburetor engines have become obsolete and Multi Point Fuel Injection (MPFI) engines are the order of the days in patrol cars.The Diesel engines have also undergone a sea change from the time Rudolf Diesel invented it way back in the 1892. Today Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) is the order of the day. Multi Point Fuel injection (MPFI)The fuel injects were used to meet stricter emission norms as it keeps pollutants to bare minimum and drives the maximum performance out of a vehicle by squeezing out the maximum mileage even from the last drop of fuel that goes into the engine. MPFI system injects fuel into individual cylinders after receiving command from the on board engine management system computer or Engine Control Unit (ECU).This technology results in superior fuel combustion, better fuel management, engine performance and reduced pollution. To get the maximum out from these types of engine one should use Premium petrol like XTRA Premium, Speed, and Power. Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) CRDI engine cars offer 25% more power than the normal direct injection engine with a superior pickup and torque, offering sometimes up to 70% more power than the conventional diesel engines. They are smooth, less strident, and immensely.

Micro Economics Essay

When external costs be present, the marketplace equilibrium use of natural resources is inefficient because the social welfare is less than the social cost. Positive externalities or external put ons impose a positive effect on the third party. Eg Vaccinations provide a direct benefit to the patient and a spillover effect to the other people. MMR vaccination is given to patients to prevent them from contracting the disease Source Business Economics Slides The demand curve (D1) depicts the legal injury patients are willing to spend on the MMR vaccination to receive the benefit of a reduced probability of infection.Supply curve S reflects the quantities of shots suppliers offer for cut-rate sale at different price levels. An equilibrium point E1 the market fails to achieve an efficient allocation of resources. MMR vaccination has a spillover effect which will benefit golf-club by cut down the likelihood of spreading the diseases. D2 reflects the new demand curve which includes th e external benefit to non-consumers with efficient equilibrium E2. At this point suppliers devote greater resources to the immunization avoiding under allocation of resources.Negative externalities or external cost impose a negative effect on the third party. Eg Offshore boring in the Gulf of Mexico resulted in severe negative externalities such pollution. Source Business Economics slides The demand curve D1and supply curve S1 reflect the market equilibrium which is inefficient since it fails to acknowledge the negative externalities produced. The absence of the cost of oil spills in the price of offshore oil means that firms produce more turnout than socially desirable.Includes the cost of oil spills the equilibrium price rises to P2 and the quantity becomes Q2. E2 reflects the full cost including the environmental cost associated with the activity. (b) Why does a good or swear out become a open good or service? (2. 5 marks) A product or service that an individual can consume wi thout reducing its availability to another individual which can be collectively consumed from which no one is excluded. National security, sewer systems and public parks are all examples of public goods.Explain why each of the following examples are either public goods or services, or private goods or services? (? mark each counteract classification and ? marks for each reason). Item Public/ Private Explanation A privately owned enginerring and material research laboratory undertaking contractual research on weapons development Private The nature of the organisation being a private entitty which charges a fee for its services and the fact that two critierias of non excludability and non-rivalrous are not satisfied. The quaranteen service PublicPure public service since it can be collectively consumed and its non excludability making it avaible to every citizen. A toll road to begin with financed through government debt Semi Public Fee is charged for usage therfore does not satidfy the non excludability criteria, however was financed through the government. Courses offerred by a fee charging privately owned teaching institution that receives some government funding Semi Public Price charged indicates its not acessable to everyone however recives government funding offering a reduced rate to the students.

Child of Divorce Essay

carve up is becoming a norm in the society nowadays. This refers to the complete termination of marriage between the couple who demands for it. Through the dissolution of the bonds of matrimony, two parties are allowed to marry again (Gallagher, 1996). However, opposing views are prevailing regarding divorce. For those who are in favor of it, divorce corporation be regarded as the only let remedy when happiness and affection are no longer provided in the marriage (Scanzoni 1965). For those who are against it, divorce causes psychological troubles and damage to social cohesion (Diefenbach, 2007).Divorce is not just the story of the couple parting ways but it is more of a story of the children who are products of a divorced marriage. Human children conduct parents longer than any other species and are totally dependent on parents for food, shelter, and protection for the first several years of life. This dependency spawns a fear of abandonment. In divorce, one of the parents lea ves. When one parent leaves, the children feel rejected. The loss children feel at divorce is similar to that experienced when a parent dies. Divorce might really be harder on children because it lacks the concrete cause and finality of death (Bryner, 2001). This causes most of the children of divorce to be more aggressive, impulsive and develop antisocial behavior compared to children from sacrosanct families (Hetherington, 1999). Others excessively exhibit lower academic performance (Kelly, 1998). However, some children manage to develop without these unhealthful effects of divorce. As a matter of fact, these children are embed to moderate less stereotyped sex behavior, greater maturity and greater independence (Emery, 1995). The developmental stage of the child when the divorce of his parents occurs is predictive of the childs behavior and reaction towards the situation.An infant or a toddler will not react at all to his parents divorce because he cant still comprehend the situation. However, a pre schooldayser will tend to blame himself as the culprit of his parents divorce. Because he feels guilty and fears that the remaining parent may also leave him, he becomes more possessive of his parent (Roseby, 1998). For a young school-aged child, the divorce of his parents gives him a sense of responsibility. He feels that he should bring his parents together again and think of strategies that will make his parents interact in any way (Lansky, 1996).On the other hand, older school-aged children tend to blame one parent and suffer the side of the other parent. They become anxious and worrisome of the situation which makes them prone to illnesses such as headaches, sleeping disorders, chest pains, diabetes and asthma (Kimball, 1994). The reaction is more deleterious with adolescents who entirely mask their reactions. They switch to other outlets such as peers, sex, alcohol and drugs because they hate being bothered by their parents lives (Thompson, 1998). I have a paladin named Diane.Fourteen years ago, her parents separated by divorce. Back then, she was only turning three and didnt know anything about the chaotic situation between her parents. She was unexpended to the custody of her yield while her start out was just obliged by the court to provide some financial assistance. Everything went well with this arrangement until she entered primary school where she had greater monetary needs. Unfortunately, her father had another family and was compelled to reduce the money sent to her. This was the reason why her mother was obligated to work in order to complement her.Because her mother became busy in her work, Diane was always left with her grandmother whenever she was off from school. It was only through her grandmother that everything regarding her family became clear. She hated the fact that her own mother out of sight their broken family from her and would always say that her father is just working in a far away place. She rea lized that she will never have his father back and that her fantasies of having a complete family would never be real. That time, she began to skip classes in school and whenever she would attend a lecture, she never participates in the recitation. She also failed our exams.I was really worried about the big change in her behavior because she used to be the top student of our class. I just learned about her family problem when she never attended classes for a week and her mother came to our school looking for her. One of our classmates revealed that Diane eloped with her young man. I cant forget the face of Dianes mother crying and blaming herself for what had happened to her daughter. After that, I never saw Diane again. The last news I heard about her was that she is living with her mother again. She broke up with her boyfriend but gave birth to a baby boy, who, like her, is a child of divorce.Dianes story is just one of the millions of stories which we can get from the life of a child from a broken family. In her case, the effects of divorce were appalling because of the lack of effective communication. It would have been better if both her parents explained to her the situation and the reasons why they should have divorce. When Diane learned that her parents were already divorced, she was very frustrated because she fantasized of having a complete family when her father returns from work. She also felt betrayal because her mother never told her whats real.These extreme ban emotions changed her attitude and made her rebel against the situation. Also, Dianes mother was very preoccupied in her work thats why she was not able to keep an gist on the performance of her daughter in school. If only she did, maybe she was able to help Diane solve her emotional problems at an early stage. After all, divorce can really cause a big scar but it doesnt really have to. References Bryner, C. L. (2001). Children of Divorce. daybook of the American Board of Family Medic ine Practice1420110. Diefenbach, H. and Opp, K. D. (2007). When and Why Do People Think There Should Be a Divorce?http//rss. sagepub. com/cgi/content/abstract/19/4/485. Emery, R. E. and Coiro, M. J. (1995). Divorce consequences for children. Pediatric critical review16306 10. Gallagher, M. (1996). The Abolition of Marriage. Regnery Publishing. Hetherington, E. M. and Stanley-Hagan M. (1999). The adjustment of children with divorced parents a risk andresiliency perspective. Journal of Child Psychology 4012940. Kelly, J. B. (1998). Marital conflict, divorce, and childrens adjustment. Child Adolescent abnormal psychology7259 71. Kimball, G. (1994). How to survive your parents divorce kids advice to kids.Chico, California Equality Press. Lansky, V. (1996). Divorce book for parents helping your child cope with divorce and its aftermath. Minnetonka, MN Book Peddlers. Roseby, V. and Johnston J. R. (1998). Common developmental threats in high-conflict divorcing families. Child Adolescent Psychiatry7295309. Scanzoni, J. (1965). A Reinquiry into Marital Disorganization. Journal of Marriage and the Family 27 48391. Thompson, P. (1998). Adolescents from families of divorce vulnerability to physiological and psychological disturbances. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Service36(3)34 9.

Negative Affects of Social Media Essay

Social media is like a game. Once you learn and charm along with how to use these websites you get addicted to it. For example, now I am addicted to accessible media. Before I was introduced to complaisant media I did all of my prepargondness and was one of the top students in the class. From that moment I became engage to websites such as facebook, tweeter, ooVoo and instagram. It affected my life pessimisti clavery. For instance, these days I cant bar checking my facebook and instagram. Furthermore, theses days I am missing lot homework on most of my classes do to the escalating expose of social media. So due to these entire dilemma, I believe social media has many negative effect on teens life.see moreessay on social mediaFirst, students/teens spent too much sentence on social media. For example, Jazmin said she spent more time on websites like fb and texting than homework. One quarter of teens say they log on to their favorite social media websites 10 or more times each day (Gordan). Next due to the use of social media students gets lower grades on test and are lacking(p) on during homework because they are busy chatting, texting, video chatting, etc. For example, I asked Jazmin agrees with me saying that she use social media rather than studying for testes or during homework. At last, teens are not going outside, spending time with family and are not active due to the social media. Thats why social media has negative affect on teens life. Next, many teens get cyber bullied through social media. For example, in a 2010 survey of students age 11 to 18 administer by the Cyberbulling explore Center, 20% said they had been cyber bullied. Also in sum cases teens make fake accounts and cyber bully other through the social media. Furthermore, in the article call Cyberbulling it says that fellow member of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender get bullied more then others. For example in the survey it showed that 36.4% of these members got cyberbullie d.At last, another negative effect of the social media is that it impairs students/teens writing skills. For example, sometimes when I am writings important paper I instant to use words like u, wat, c and others words in my writing due to using them numerous times in my texting and chatting. After that, teens become nastiest in spelling and using the proper sentence due to the usage of social media. In the article call Grades 9-10 Literacy The Power of New Media Annotated Student work it says that student not only become appalling at spellings, grammars but also at literatures.I do know there some optimistic used of social media such as asking for homework they missed. But still, they are incorrect because do to social media teens cant concentrate on their work. For example, they use social media for violence. Next, teens are constantly checking Facebook to see/get involve in things that are happening. So it distracts them from studying, doing school assignment and others too. At l ast, the use social media for negative use like cyberbulling.As a result you can see social media has negative affects on teens life. For example, acquiring addicted, cyberbulling and it affects students writing skills. Furthermore, due to social media teens are lacking in education and being active. These are the reasons how social media is negative. And also I urge parents to check what your kids are doing and try to get involve in your sons and daughters life little more.

Introduction of E-commerce

Commerce (the concern of goods) has been a major impetus for human survival since the beginning of recorded floor and beyond. The mass adoption of the internet has created a paradigm shift in the way employment sectores be admited today. The past decade has seen the emergence of a new genial of transaction e-commerce, the buying and selling of goods through human-computer interaction over the Internet. Traditional physical trading of goods and currency is be advent change magnitudely un popular and much occupationes be Jumping on the e-commerce bandwagon.Today, the line between e-commerce and traditional commerce is becoming more blurred as more businesses start and continue to integrate the Internet and e-commerce technologies into their business routinees. 1. 2 DEFINITION OF E-COMMERCE The e-commerce can be defined as a modern business methodology that addresses the needs of organizations, merchants, and consumers to cut contacts dapple improving the quality of go ods and service and increasing the speed of service delivery, by use Internet.It differs from the traditional electronic commerce (e-commerce) in he way that it modifys the trading of goods, money and nurture electronically from computer to computer. Business is done electronically and there is no longer a need for physical currency or goods to conduct business. 1. 3 EVOLUTION OF E-COMMERCE Evolution of e-commerce can be attributed to a combination of regulatory reform and technological innovation. Though Internet (which played an main(prenominal) role in evolution) appeared in the late sass, e-commerce of today took off with the arrival of World Wide Web and browsers in early sass.The liberalizing of the electrification sector and innovations such as optic fiber, DSL etc. (which has helped to expand the volume and capacity of communications) have helped in the process of that rapid growth. As a result the barriers to entry and lease in e- commerce have fallen rapidly. A brief timeline of evolution is as follows 2 E-COMMERCE 1. 4 1969 Internet/Apparent 1989 WWW HTML invented at CERN 1991 NSF lifts restrictions on commercial custom of Internet 1993 Mosaic browser invented at University of Illinois, Urbana Champagne, is released to public 1994 Netscape releases Navigator browser 1995 Dell, Cisco, Amazon etc. Gang aggressively to use Internet for commercial transactions The growth of Internet has a special significance in the growth of e-commerce. It has the potential to involve general people into the process thereby increasing its reach far beyond large companies. CONDUCTING BUSINESS ONLINE (E-COMMERCE) Doing business online is electronic commerce, and there are four main areas in which companies conduct business online today 2. 3. 4. Direct marketing, selling, and work. Online banking and billing. Secure distribution of information. Value-chain trading and corporate purchasing. 4. 1 Direct Marketing, Selling, and Services Today, more websites focus on d irect marketing, selling, and services than on any other type of electronic commerce. Direct selling was the earliest type of electronic commerce, and has proven to be a stepping-stone to more obscure commerce operations for many companies. Successes such as Amazon. Com, Barnes and Noble, Dell Computer, and the introduction of e-tickets by major airlines, have catcalled the growth of this segment, proving the reach and customer acceptance of the Internet. 1. 4. 2 Financial and Information ServicesA broad range of financial and information services are performed over the Internet today, and sites that offer them are enjoying rapid growth. These sites are popular because they help consumers, businesses of all sizes, and financial institutions distribute some of their most important information over the Internet with greater convenience and richness that is available using other channels. For example, you have Online banking Online billing Secure information distribution 1. 4. 2. 1 Online Banking Consumers and small businesses can save time and money by doing their banking n the Internet.Paying bills, devising transfers between accounts, and trading stocks, bonds, and mutual funds can all be performed electronically by using the Internet to connect consumers and small businesses with their financial institutions. electronic COMMERCE-?TECHNOLOGY AND PROSPECTS 3 1. 4. 2. 2 online Billing Companies whose bill can achieve significant cost savings and marketing benefits through the use of Internet-based bill-delivery and receiving frames. Today, consumers receive an fair(a) of 23 bills per month by mail from retailers, credit card companies, and utilities. 1. 4. 2.Secure Information Distribution To many businesses, information is their most valuable asset. Although the Internet can enable businesses to reach huge new markets for that information, businesses must also safeguard that information to protect their assets. Digital Rights Management provides protectio n for intellectual and information property, and is a attain technology to secure information distribution. 1. 4. 3 Maintenance, Repair, and Operations (MR.) The Internet also offers tremendous time and cost savings for corporate purchasing of low-cost, high-volume goods for maintenance, repair, and operations (MR.) activities.Typical MR. goods entangle office supplies (such as pens and paper), office equipment and furniture, computers, and replacement parts. The Internet can transform corporate purchasing from a labor and paperwork-intensive process into a self-service application. federation employees can order equipment on websites, come with officials can automatically enforce purchase approval and policies through automated business rules, and suppliers can keep their catalog information centralized and up-to-date. Purchase order applications can then use the Internet to transfer the order to suppliers.In response, suppliers can ship the re hobbyed goods and invoice the com pany over the Internet. In addition to reduced administrative be, Internet-based corporate purchasing can improve order-tracking accuracy, better enforce purchasing policies, provide better customer and supplier service, reduce inventories, and give companies more power in negotiating exclusive or volumetrically contracts. In other words, the Internet and e-business have changed the way enterprises treat customers and compete with each other, and have heightened awareness for competing supply chains. 1. 4. 4 Value-Chain IntegrationNo other business model highlights the need for tight integration across suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors quite wish the value chain. Delays in caudex tracking and management can ripple from the cash register all the way back to raw material returnion, creating inventory shortages at any stage of the value chain. The resulting out-of-stock events can mean lost business. The Internet promises to make up business efficiency by reducing report ing delays and increasing reporting accuracy. Speed is clearly the business imperative for the value chain. 1. 5 ISSUES IN IMPLEMENTING ELECTRONIC COMMERCEAlthough it is simple to describe their benefits, it is non more or lessly as faint to develop and deploy commerce systems. Companies can face significant implementation issues Cost Value 4 Security Leveraging existing systems Interoper superpower 1. 5. 1 cost Electronic commerce requires significant investments in new technologies that can touch many of a companys core business processes. As with all major business systems, electronic commerce systems require significant investments in hardware, software, staffing, and training. Businesses need comprehensive solutions with greater ease-of-use to help foster cost-effective deployment. 5. 2 value Businesses want to have it away that their investments in electronic commerce systems ordain produce a return. Business objectives such as lead generation, business-process automatio n, and cost reduction must be met. Systems use to reach these goals need to be flexible enough to change when the business changes. 1. 5. 3 security The Internet provides universal access, but companies must protect their assets against inadvertent or malicious misuse. System security, however, must not create prohibitive complexity or reduce flexibility. Customer information also needs to be protected from internal and external misuse.Privacy systems should safeguard the personal information critical to building sites that satisfy customer and business needs. 1. 5. 4 Leveraging Existing Systems close companies already use information technology (IT) to conduct business in unlettered environments, such as marketing, order management, billing, inventory, distribution, and customer service. The Internet represents an alternative and complementary way to do business, but it is imperative that electronic commerce systems integrate existing systems in a manner that avoids duplicating f unctionality and maintains usability, performance, and reliability. 5. 5 Interoperability When systems from two or more businesses are able to exchange documents without manual intervention, businesses achieve cost reduction, improved performance, and more dynamic value chains. Failing to address any of these issues can appeal failure for a systems implementation effort. Therefore, your companys commerce strategy should be designed to address all these issues to help customers achieve the benefits of electronic commerce. Your companys vision for electronic commerce should also be to help businesses establish stronger relationships with customers and industry partners.For example, a successful strategy for delivering this vision is described by three work-flow elements (platform, portal, and industry partners), each endorse by comprehensive technology, product, and service offerings. 5 From self-service portals to transaction processing, a successful work-flow strategy can be the u nderlying engine delivering state-based, processed-focused control services for e-business applications. Human labor is expensive, and work-flow technology allows e-businesses to supplement, and in some fibers eliminate, reliance on human supervision and intervention. . 6 HOW DO YOU WORK WITH E-COMMERCE? E-commerce is about setting your business on the Internet, allowing visitors to access your website, and go through a realistic catalog of your products/services online. When a visitor wants to buy something he/she likes, they merely add it to their virtual shopping basket. Items in the virtual shopping basket can be added or deleted, and when youre all set to checkout, you head to the virtual checkout counter, which has your complete total, and that will ask you for your name, address etc. ND method of payment (usually via credit card). Once you have entered all this information (which y the way is being ancestral securely) you can then Just wait for delivery. 1. 7 COMPARISON BE TWEEN TRADITIONAL COMMERCE AND E-COMMERCE In many cases business processes use traditional commerce activities very effectively, and these processes cannot be improved upon through technology. Products that buyers prefer to touch, smell, or examine closely are difficult to sell using electronic commerce.For example, customers might be reluctant to buy high-fashion clothing and perishable food products, such as meat or produce, if they cannot examine the products closely before agreeing to purchase them. In the case of traditional commerce retail merchants have years of experience in creating store environments that help convince a customer to buy. This combination of store design, layout and product display knowledge is called merchandising. deals people in course of time develop skills that allow them to identify customer needs and find products and services that chance those needs.The arts of merchandising and personal selling can be difficult to practice over an electronic link . Through commerce branded products such as books or CDC can be easily sold. As one copy of a new book is identical to there copies and because a customer would not be concerned about freshness he would willingly order a title without examining the specific copy they would receive. The advantage of electronic commerce, namely the ability of one site to offer a wider selection of titles than even the largest physical bookstore, can outweigh the advantage of a traditional bookstore, namely the facility to browse.Some examples of business processes are listed in the following table that suit to the e-commerce and traditional commerce respectively. Business processes well-suited to Electronic commerce Traditional commerce deal/purchase of books and CDC Sale/purchase of high-fashion clothing Online delivery of software Sale/purchase of perishable food products Advertising and promotion of travel services Small-denomination transactions Online tracking of shipments Sale of expensi ve Jewelry and antiques 6 1. 8 E-COMMERCE TECHNOLOGIES What technologies are necessary for e-commerce?The short answer is that most information technologies and Internet technologies that we discuss throughout the book are involved in e-commerce systems, biz. Customers must be provided with a range of secure information, marketing, transaction, processing, and payment services. Trading and business partners rely on Internet and extranets to exchange information and accomplish secure transactions including electronic data interchange (DE) and other supply chain and financial systems and databases. Company employees depend on a diversity of Internet and intranet resources to communicate and collaborate in support of their SEC work activities. . 9 The Internet, intranets, and extranets are the network infrastructure or foundation of e-commerce. Information system professionals and end users can use a variety of software tools to develop and manage the content and operations of the we bsites and other SEC sources of a company. ECONOMIC potentiality OF E-COMMERCE Consumers are pushing retailers to the wall, demanding lower process, better quality, a large selection of in-season goods. Retailers are scrambling to fill the order. They are slashing back-office costs, reducing profit margins, reducing bike times, buying more wisely, and making huge investments in technology.They are revamping distribution channels to make sure that warehouse costs are down by reducing their average inventory levels and coordinating the consumer demand and supply patterns. In the push to reduce prices, more and more retailers are turning to overseas suppliers, in part because of cheaper labor costs. The effect of e-commerce can also be seen over the retail industry and marketing. 1. 9. 1 E-commerce and Retail Industry Retailers are in the conterminous line of fire and are first to bear the brunt of cost cutting.They are putting that pressure on the manufacturing and supplier end of the pipeline. At the same time, the quest for efficiencies has led to turmoil and consolidation within the retail industry. The pressure experienced by retailers and suppliers can be seen in the disappearance of Jobs, in mergers, and in the increase in business failures in the manufacturing sector. The problems are indeed serious. Electronic markets could provide a partial solution by promising customers more convenience and merchants greater efficiency and interactivity with suppliers to revivalist the troubled retailing sector. . 9. 2 E-commerce and Marketing Electronic commerce is forcing companies to rethink the existing ways of doing target marketing (isolating and focusing on a segment of the population), relationship marketing (building and sustaining a long-term relationship with existing and potential 7 customers), and even event marketing (setting up a virtual booth where interested people come and visit). Consider the case of conventional direct marketers, who devote some 25 percent of their revenues to such costs as printing and postages for catalogs.Interactive marketing could help cut such expenses and may even deliver better results. Interactive marketing is accomplished in electronic markets via interactive multimedia catalogs that give the same look and feel as a shopping channel. Users find moving images more appealing than still images and comprehend more appealing than reading text on screen. Those are two powerful reasons why every text-based and still-picture-based interactive experimental-based service has ever generated anywhere near the volume of retail merchandise orders that televised shopping channels have achieved.Maximum public acceptance will require that interactive catalog services have a more entertaining visual appearance than traditional text-intensive catalogs have had. Ideally, an interactive shopping program should produce full-motion demonstrations of selected products, but such a practical and efficient technology has yet to be developed. 1. 10 INCENTIVES FOR ENGAGING IN E-COMMERCE A basic fact of Internet retailing is that all retail websites are created equal as far as he location, location, location imperative of success in retailing is concerned.No site is any closer to its web customers and competitors offering standardized goods and services may be only a mouse click away. This makes it vital that businesses find ways to build customer satisfaction, loyalty, and relationships, so customers keep coming back to their web stores. Thus, the key to e-commerce success is to optimize several key factors such as selection and value, performance and service efficiency, the look and feel of the site, advert and incentives to purchase, personal attention, immunity relationships, and security and reliability.The incentives for engaging in e-commerce are listed as follows Selection and Value. Attractive product selections, competitive prices, satisfaction guarantees, and customer support after the sal e. Performance and Service. Fast, easy navigation, shopping, and purchasing, and prompt shipping and delivery. Look and Feel. Attractive web storefront, website shopping areas, multimedia product catalog pages, and shopping features. Advertising and Incentives. Targeted web-page advertising and email promotions, discounts and special offers, including advertising at affiliate sites. Personal Attention. Personal web pages, personalized product recommendations, web advertising, and e-mail notices, and interactive support for all customers.

Native Americans and Colonization Essay

primal Americans had inherited the gain now called America and eventually their lives were destroy due to European Colonization. When the Europeans arrived and settled, they changed the native-born American way of life for the worst. These changes were caused by a number of factors including disease, loss of land, attempts to export religion, and laws, which violated Native American culture. Native Americans never came in impact with diseases that developed in the Old World because they were separated from Asia, Africa, and Europe when ocean levels rose following the end of the last Ice Age.Diseases like smallpox, measles, pneumonia, influenza, and malaria were unknown to the Native Americans until the Europeans brought these diseases over time to them. This triggered the largest population decline in all recorded history. Fifty percent of the Native American population had died of disease within 20 years. Soon after, Native Americans began to question their religion and doubte d the ability of shaman to heal. This was the first step towards the destruction of Native cultures.The Native Americans had never experienced anything like these acid diseases before and they came to believe that Europeans had the power to kill or give life. Many Native groups, because they were nomadic, didnt see land as belonging to one person. The report that someone could come in, claim a piece of land and ban them from it, caused many problems. They could no longer hunt or forage for food in places they had always done so. Fights over territories began to break out and groups who always had plenty of food, now barely had enough.Many Christian missionaries tried to force Native American people to abandon traditional religious beliefs and practices (Mayo, 33). Christian missionaries would sometimes launch attacks on Native American religious institutions when forcing them to convert to Christianity did not work. These harmful attacks destroyed not only their temples and religi ous artifacts, but also a huge part of their culture. Laws were introduced that protected the land and property the colonists had acquired, banned most of their religious ceremonies, and laboured the children into the European educational system.The Europeans wanted to deny the Native Americans of their cultural identity, which eventually would end up wiping them out. Native Americans were deeply effected by colonization. It was extremely unsportsmanlike of the Europeans to destroy Native American way of life. If the Native Americans had the weapons, like guns and disease, that the Europeans did, then maybe they could have fought for what was theirs. Europeans came to America and changed the Native Americans lives forever. This contact between the Native Americans and Europeans was called the Columbian Exchange.While both Native Americans and Europeans received advantages and disadvantages from the Columbian Exchange, Native Americans definitely suffered more while the Europeans w ere benefited more. It is not right that the Native Americans lived on American land all their lives and had the land as well as their culture taken away from them in a matter of only a few years. Mayo, Louise A. American Dreams and Reality A Retelling of the American Story, Volume 1 Second Edition. Illinois Abigail Press, 2000.

Light in August Essay

Violently employed, religion sallies forth the souls and lives of the Deep South. Consequently, the weight of Gods wrath, according to the Bible, becomes white mens burden to carry (Bush 1). Bible Revealed through myriad characters, fall down in August non only proves that Southerners inculcate their practice of religion but also nonplus apparitional brutality. Presented through Reverend Hightower, Doc Hines, and Mr. McEachern, Light in August establishes distinctive notions of faith.Reverend Hightower believed with a calm joy that if ever there was a shelter, it would be the Church that if ever the truth could move naked and without shame or fear, it would be the seminary (Faulkner 478). Diverging from Hightower, Mr. McEachern, viciously pious, believes that the two virtues are a buy the farm and fear of God (Faulkner 144). Blinded by his own version of religious life is Mr. Hines. Through lives of these characters, religious views with power from the Bible are evident. The i nitial moment Mr. McEachern adopts Joe Christmas, he emphasizes the significance of religion.In a sedate manner, while introducing himself he avers, I will take you learn soon that the two abominations are laziness and idle thinking, the two virtues are work and the fear of God (Faulkner 144). From a failure to memorize the Presbyterian catechism, Joe receives act whippings from Mr. McEachern merely at the hop on of eight. (Faulkner 147). Habitual whippings desensitized Joe towards distress and violence as a result, receiving them did not have an effect of him. (Faulkner 149). Using violence to teach religion, Mr.McEachern employs two opposite methods which alter Joes mentality.Because the punishment and pain he receives from McEachern, he refuses to learn anything religious consequently, Joe sees religion as pain. Without reservation, the single answer to this young boys incapability to memorize is severe punishment. He believes that his job was to teach Joe his religion even if it meant by force, hence, his means to achieve this goal was relentless tangible punishment. (Bush 2) His own inability to do Gods work is his own failure as well, which tremendously frustrates him.This brutal implementation causes Joe to see Mr. McEachern and His religion as antagonists. Moreover, one night as Joe returns home accompanied by a number of bruises and marks, Mr. McEachern asks if Joe left a mark on the person he fought with. He does not ask who he is fighting with or why he is fighting therefore, this proves to Joe that violence is tolerable. With his pants around his knees while McEachern sadistically beats him ten strokes per whipping, Joe did not flinch. The boy stares outward with a rapt, calm expression like a monk (Faulkner 149).The scene demonstrates how a young child is taught, through brutal religious fanaticism, , he is nothing more than an animal Joe bloom from the bed and went and knelt in the corner above the outraged food kneeling, with his han ds he ate, like a savage, like a dog. (Bush 1) Faulkner produces characters that illustrate a failure to amend. Joe still receives that same punishment at the age of eighteen as he did when he was eight. Out of fear, Joe lies to Mr. McEachern about selling the heifer just to save himself from physical punishment however, treating him as if hes still young, Mr.McEachern strikes Joe after discovering his lie.Present, Faulkner suggests a yearning of vengeance in Joe as he asserts, Dont you hit me again (Faulkner 164-5). The last time Mr. McEachern attempts to strike Joe steers him to his death. patronage teaching Joe the peace, love and joy of religion, McEachern forcefully teaches Joe his own extreme vision of religion, the dark side. As a result, McEachern fails he also lessens Joes feelings and emotions. Inherently, Joe inherits violence through the lessons of Mr. McEachern.

Children and Sexual Abuse

Identifying symptoms/signals of baby inner abuse When a babe has been knowledgeablely abused, he or she whitethorn begin to form some unalike types of problems. Some of these problems whitethorn be animal(prenominal) or noetic in nature. With these problems pip-squeakren will begin to ground signs of said abuse. Each child will express different signs throughout different stages depending on the type of abuse that they have endured such as being looked at in the nude, inappropriate spot, and physical penetration.Younger children will normally show you signs rather than tell you what is happening to them, and from each one(prenominal) child will be unique from the next child in his or her signs, forever legion(predicate) people whitethorn not be aware of what signs of sexual abuse are. The initial signs of abuse whitethorn not indicate that sexual abuse is happening, in time whitethorn be an indicator to parents, teachers, and others that something is not overcompen sate with this child in question.Some of the initial signs that suggest that abuse is happening may be nightmares with no unembellished reason, changes in the eating habits, refusing to eat at all, or being withdrawn from others. Signs may also come forward to be to showing that there may in fact be sexual abuse happening. The sexually abused child may suddenly render afraid of certain places or people, may chatter well-nigh new secrets with certain adults or adolescents, and may talk of having a new older friend. The child may have money, toys, and other gifts that he or she cannot explain, or say that they came from a new friend.Some children may up to nowtide refuse to remove their clothing during appropriate times, such as to take a bath. Children may regress to a younger childs behavior by once again sucking their thumbs, or news leak the bed again when they havent done so in years. A child who has been sexual abused may begin to act out inappropriate sexual actions with joys or other objects, such as touching themselves with objects, or using dolls, stuffed animals, or other toys to imitate sexual acts, and others may draw pictures of what has been going on with them.While another child that has been sexually abused he or she may develop new names for their body parts, or start thinking that that their body, and body parts are corrupting, or that they are bad. in that location are some children that will even harm themselves, or disfigure their bodies when they have been sexually abused. numerous of these children will become anxious, nervous, some may have mood swings that old include anger, aggressiveness towards parents, siblings, friends, and even their pets. They physical signs of child sexual abuse may be rare, especially to someone who is not dexterous yet do exist.Pain, disconsolation, bleeding, and abnormal discharge in the genitals, anus, and mouth are a few of the physical signs that may be seen. Some children may have frequent pai n during urination and bowel movements as well as, wetting and soiling accidents that they have otherwise outgrown. Other physical signs that may be seen, hardly are more likely to be noticed by a trained professional may be TTS and tears in or around the vaginal or anal openings, or vaginal infections. There are the rare occasions that the signs of sexual abuse are sexually transmitted diseases and even pregnancy. Center, n. D. ) Long and Short- barrier Effects For the victim child sexual abuse can be devastating, not only in the near future because the effects of sexual abuse can extend remote beyond childhood, in some that may last for the rest of their lives. In many the short term effects are very similar to the signs of sexual abuse, such as betting and thumb sucking when it should be out grown, sleep disorders, eating robbers, behavior issues, or performance problems at school, and refusal to participate in school activities.The effects of child sexual abuse can deprive a child of their childhood and their ability to learn how to have a healthy relationship with an adult, as they lose the ability to consecrate in those who were speculate to protect them. Children learn how to trust, love, and make relationships from adults and older children. When an adult or adolescent child sexually abuses a child it breaks that trust that an adult will give them that care that they are supposed to be instilling within that child.Sexual abuse robs children of their childhood and creates a loss of trust, feelings of guilt and self- inglorious behavior along with anxiety, depression, aggressive behavior, and poor self-esteem. When it comes to long term effects child sexual abuse can suggestion to antisocial behavior, deeper depression, identity confusion other serious emotional problems. Adults who have been sexually abused as a child can have difficulty with intimate relationships, and a lot feel guilt, shame, and self-blame as they become adolescents and adults .Many will take personal responsibility for the abuse, as though they have rough the abuse on to themselves, that they asked to be touched in these wrong ways and because they feel that way they think that they are dirty individuals, because when the abuse is by someone that they know and trust it makes it hard for the child to see the abuser negatively, which makes it may be hard for some children to see that it was the adult who was at fault rather than the child themselves.So they often blame themselves and take on a negative messages around themselves, and intern may display dangerous behaviors and find more suicidal ideation than those who have not en abused (Browne & Finickier, 1986) Many children grow into adolescents and maturity having low self-esteem and have body image problems. They see themselves as being dirty or ugly, unhappiness with body or appearance, and eating disorders, some even grow to disfiguring their bodies so that they will no longer look attractive to those that have sexually abused them.Children who were sexually abuse may experience difficulty in establishing interpersonal relationships. Common relationship difficulties that victims may experience are difficulties with trust, business organisation of intimacy, fear of Ewing different or weird, difficulty establishing interpersonal boundaries, passive behaviors, and many continue life into abuse by getting involved in abusive relationships. Risks. There are certain risk markers for children to possibly be sexually abused. The main factor is age, as most(prenominal) children who are abused are within the ages of 7 and 13.Gender is also a factor, as female children are sexually abused more often than children, however it may be that boys are not reported as often as female children. It is not easy finding risk factors of child sexual abuse as most research goes tooshie to the signs and symptoms of children that ay have been sexually abused. Statistical data. There are many est imates of the number of children who are the victims of sexual abuse. one(a) U. S. Governmental source counts 78,1 88 child victims of sexual abuse in 2003.Thats a rate of 1. 2 per 1 ,OHO American children. The 2001 National Crime Victimizing Survey, which only covers youth 12-17, estimates that 1. 9 per 1,000 children are raped or sexually assaulted. National surveys of adults find that 9-28% of women say they experienced some type of sexual abuse or assault in childhood. (Finickier) Studies by David Finickier, Director of the Crimes Against Children Research Center, show that 1 in every 4 girls and 1 in every 7 boys is a victim of child sexual abuse.Studies also show that 20% of adult females and 5-10% of adult males recall a childhood sexual assault or sexual abuse incident. During a one-year period in the U. S. , 16% of youth ages 14 to 17 had been sexually victimized, and over the course of their lifetime, 28% of U. S. Youth ages 14 to 17 had been sexually victimized. He st ates that children are most vulnerable to childhood sexual abuse between the ages of 7 and 13. (crime. Org, n. D. There are so many different statistics on child sexual abuse.Many reports show a very different stats on each site, however they are all relatively close. discussions Treatment for child sexual abuse can be very complicated, and can be a very long if not life long process. Treatment starts with making sure that the child knows that he or she is safe and that they will not be detriment any more, it also starts by educating the parents and family members, as to what they should expect throughout the duration of treatment and that it is not the childs fault.Trauma-focused Therapy for childishness Sexual Abuse was developed to help revived information about the impact of child sexual abuse on a child. It helps to stress the importance of including parents/caretakers in the treatment of the child of sexual abuse, and to show the need for children in therapy to learn specif ic skills to deal with what has happened to them and to talk about the details of their sexually abusive experiences. With this therapy they emphasize how talk therapy can help a child by talking about what happened to them.Showing them that what happened to them was wrong, but that the child what not the one who was doing something wrong. It is an evidence- eased treatment to help children, adolescents, and their parents overcome trauma-related problems, such as child sexual abuse. Its supposed to help reduce negative emotional and behavioral responses caused by child sexual abuse, as well as domestic violence, traumatic loss, and other traumatic events.It addresses inaccurate beliefs and thoughts related to the abuse, term it helps to provide an environment that will support the child in therapy, where children are encouraged to talk about their traumatic experience. This therapy helps the parents who were not abusive to the child to cope effectively with their own emotional dist ress, and to teach them about child sexual abuse, while helping them develop skills that support their children.